About this data

Source: Bank of England, A millennium of macroeconomic data for the UK (version 3.1); ONS, Quarterly national accounts, UK: April to June 2026

• Figures are for England up to 1699, and for the area of today's UK from 1700.
• Before 1955, the series follows the Bank of England's historical estimates, scaled to meet ONS's figures in 1955; from 1955, it is ONS's. Estimates for earlier centuries are reconstructed from historical records, so they are much less certain than modern figures.
• Estimates for medieval and early modern England, by Broadberry, Campbell, Klein, Overton and van Leeuwen (2015), are built from records of farm output, industry, trade and population.

This chart appears in Economic growth and productivity.